TopCoder submissions typically consist of a single class definition. For each test, one instance of the class is constructed; then the method described in the problem is called with the test arguments. Therefore, your method must be public, and your class must be instantiable: public default constructor, no abstract methods, etc.

Each Java test is performed in a separate thread. The process is forcibly terminated after consuming 2 seconds of System time. At most 64 megabytes of memory may be mapped.

If your method does return a value, that is the only basis for judging correctness.

TopCoder submissions typically consist of a single class definition. For each test, one instance of the class is constructed; then the method described in the problem is called with the test arguments. Therefore, your method must be public, and your class must be instantiable: public default constructor, no abstract methods, etc.

Each Microsoft® Visual C#® .NET or Microsoft® Visual Basic® .NET test is performed in a separate thread. The process is forcibly terminated after consuming 2 seconds of System time.

If your method does return a value, that is the only basis for judging correctness.

We use 2 2-way 3.6 Ghz Pentium IV Xeon systems.

Microsoft Windows 2000 5.00.2195 SP2, .NET Framework version 2.0.50727

You need to import "Imports Microsoft.VisualBasic"

Because we compile with optimization on, the compiler will sometimes rearrange and optimize functions in such a way that line numbers no longer match the original source code. We recommend you add Console.WriteLine() statements to help debug the problem if necessary.

TopCoder submissions typically consist of a single class definition. For each test, one instance of the class is constructed; then the method described in the problem is called with the test arguments. Therefore, your method must be public, and your class must be instantiable: public default constructor, no abstract methods, etc.

C++ submissions may also define other classes and global variables or functions. However, defining main() will prevent your submission from linking, and referring to library globals (stdout or cout for example) before your method is called is not guaranteed to work as expected.

Each C++ test is performed in a separate process. The instance of your class used by the tester is not guaranteed to be destroyed. The process is forcibly terminated after consuming 2 seconds of CPU time. At most 64 megabytes of memory may be mapped. Stack space is limited to 8 megabytes (the Linux default). Most system calls are emulated or ignored. Note especially that fork() or use of threads (library or kernel) will fail, and use of temporary files is not permitted.

If your method does not return before the process exits (due to exceeding the time limit, an uncaught exception, segmentation fault, divide by zero, etc), it has failed the test.

If your method does return a value, that is the only basis for judging correctness. Anything printed to stdout or stderr is ignored, although you will see it when testing your own code. Output may even return an IO error, and takes extra time during testing; you are advised not to leave unnecessary IO in your final submission.

Linux 2.4.20-8smp, gcc 4.0.2 (Redhat 9), glibc-2.3.2, and libstdc++-3.

pointers to appropriate docs for each
http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc-4.0.2/gcc/
http://www.gnu.org/software/libc/
http://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/libstdc++/documentation.html

The compiler is invoked as:
g++ -Wall -W -O2 -s -pipe

Additional info on gcc 3.1
http://gcc.gnu.org/bugs.html#updating

Integer types on our platform:
char - 8 bits (signed)
short - 16 bits
int - 32 bits
long - 32 bits
long long - 64 bits

long long is not merely a gcc extension, but part of ISO C99.

If you test locally with a compiler other than gcc, the preprocessor may be useful for hiding the differences. For example:

#ifdef __GNUC__
#define int64 long long
#else /* MSVC, say */
#define int64 __int64
#endif

In this way, you can test the same code using 64 bit integers in our environment and on your system.

The C++ standard libraries do not include support for arbitrary precision arithmetic.